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<title>Control-flow analysis</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Control-flow analysis</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <b>control-flow analysis</b> (<b>CFA</b>) is a <a href="Static_code_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Static code analysis">static-code-analysis</a> technique for determining the <a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> of a program. The control flow is expressed as a <a href="Control-flow_graph" title="Control-flow graph">control-flow graph</a> (CFG). For both <a href="Functional_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional programming language">functional programming languages</a> and <a href="Object-oriented_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented programming language">object-oriented programming languages</a>, the term CFA, and elaborations such as <i>k</i>-CFA, refer to specific algorithms that compute control flow.

</p><p>For many <a href="Imperative_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperative programming language">imperative programming languages</a>, the control flow of a program is explicit in a program's source code. As a result, <a href="Interprocedural_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interprocedural analysis">interprocedural</a> control-flow analysis implicitly usually refers to a <a href="Static_analysis" title="Static analysis">static analysis</a> technique for determining the receivers of function or method calls in computer programs written in a higher-order programming language. For example, in a programming language with <a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a> like <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, the target of a function call may not be explicit: in the isolated expression

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-scheme mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">x</span><span class="p">))</span>

</pre></div>

<p>it is unclear to which procedure <code>f</code> may refer. A control-flow analysis must consider where this expression could be invoked and what argument it may receive to determine the possible targets.

</p><p>Techniques such as <a href="Abstract_interpretation" title="Abstract interpretation">abstract interpretation</a>, <a href="Constraint_solving" class="mw-redirect" title="Constraint solving">constraint solving</a>, and <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">type systems</a> may be used for control-flow analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Control-flow_diagram" title="Control-flow diagram">Control-flow diagram</a> (CFD)</li>

<li><a href="Data-flow_analysis" title="Data-flow analysis">Data-flow analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartesian_product_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian product algorithm">Cartesian product algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_analysis" title="Pointer analysis">Pointer analysis</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFNielsonNielsonHankin2005" class="citation book cs1">Nielson, Flemming; <a href="Hanne_Riis_Nielson" title="Hanne Riis Nielson">Nielson, Hanne Riis</a>; Hankin, Chris (2005). <i>Principles of Program Analysis</i>. <a href="Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Control-flow_analysis" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Control-flow analysis">Control-flow analysis</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728203154/http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~cs701-1/NOTES/3.CONTROL-FLOW-ANALYSIS.html">for textbook intraprocedural CFA in imperative languages</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janmidtgaard.dk/papers/Midtgaard-CSur-final.pdf">CFA in functional programs (survey)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~smaragd/kcfa-pldi10.pdf">for the relationship between CFA analysis in functional languages and points-to analysis in imperative/OOP languages</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Compiler_optimizations253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">Compiler optimizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic block</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Peephole_optimization" title="Peephole optimization">Peephole optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_value_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="Local value numbering">Local value numbering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Loop_optimization" title="Loop optimization">Loop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_vectorization" title="Automatic vectorization">Automatic vectorization</a></li>

<li><a href="Induction_variable" title="Induction variable">Induction variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop fusion">Loop fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop-invariant_code_motion" title="Loop-invariant code motion">Loop-invariant code motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_inversion" title="Loop inversion">Loop inversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_interchange" title="Loop interchange">Loop interchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_nest_optimization" title="Loop nest optimization">Loop nest optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_splitting" title="Loop splitting">Loop splitting</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_unrolling" title="Loop unrolling">Loop unrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_unswitching" title="Loop unswitching">Loop unswitching</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_pipelining" title="Software pipelining">Software pipelining</a></li>

<li><a href="Strength_reduction" title="Strength reduction">Strength reduction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data-flow_analysis" title="Data-flow analysis">Data-flow<br>analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Available_expression" title="Available expression">Available expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_subexpression_elimination" title="Common subexpression elimination">Common subexpression elimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant_folding" title="Constant folding">Constant folding</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead_store" title="Dead store">Dead store</a> elimination</li>

<li><a href="Induction_variable_recognition_and_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Induction variable recognition and elimination">Induction variable recognition and elimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Live-variable_analysis" title="Live-variable analysis">Live-variable analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Upwards_exposed_uses" title="Upwards exposed uses">Upwards exposed uses</a></li>

<li><a href="Use-define_chain" title="Use-define chain">Use-define chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Reaching_definition" title="Reaching definition">Reaching definitions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Static_single-assignment_form" title="Static single-assignment form">SSA</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Global_value_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="Global value numbering">Global value numbering</a></li>

<li><a href="Sparse_conditional_constant_propagation" title="Sparse conditional constant propagation">Sparse conditional constant propagation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Code_generation_(compiler)" title="Code generation (compiler)">Code generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Instruction_scheduling" title="Instruction scheduling">Instruction scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_selection" title="Instruction selection">Instruction selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_allocation" title="Register allocation">Register allocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rematerialization" title="Rematerialization">Rematerialization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deforestation_(computer_science)" title="Deforestation (computer science)">Deforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tail_call" title="Tail call">Tail-call elimination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interprocedural_optimization" title="Interprocedural optimization">Interprocedural optimization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bounds-checking_elimination" title="Bounds-checking elimination">Bounds-checking elimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Compile-time_function_execution" title="Compile-time function execution">Compile-time function execution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead-code_elimination" title="Dead-code elimination">Dead-code elimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Expression_templates" title="Expression templates">Expression templates</a></li>

<li><a href="Inline_expansion" title="Inline expansion">Inline expansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Jump_threading" title="Jump threading">Jump threading</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_evaluation" title="Partial evaluation">Partial evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="Profile-guided_optimization" title="Profile-guided optimization">Profile-guided optimization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alias_analysis" title="Alias analysis">Alias analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Array-access_analysis" title="Array-access analysis">Array-access analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Data-flow_analysis" title="Data-flow analysis">Data-flow analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependence_analysis" title="Dependence analysis">Dependence analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Escape_analysis" title="Escape analysis">Escape analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_analysis" title="Pointer analysis">Pointer analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shape_analysis_(program_analysis)" title="Shape analysis (program analysis)">Shape analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Value_range_analysis" title="Value range analysis">Value range analysis</a></li></ul>

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